Self Test # 14 - Thought & Language Note: These questions are part of a larger data base of questions on Module 14 & are selected to represent the type of question you should expect on unit exam four. You can, in fact, expect to see many of these very same questions on that exam. Exam questions, however, may deal with topics not covered in the self tests or in lectures but are disucssed in your textbook. You are responsible for the content of your text book plus the content of lectures, interactive activities, & material on the web site. Use these sample questions to test yourself & to practice for the test. 1. The areas of thinking & language are important topics to study in the ________ approach. cognitive behavioral humanistic psychoanalytic 2. A way we group objects and events based on some shared characteristics is called a _______. concept heuristic cognition algorithm 3. According to the exemplar theory of concept formation, we list all of the essential properties that define an object, event, or characteristic. When we encounter an event and need to conceptualize it, we proceed to: use heuristics use algorithms compare the selected concept to the prototype find the concept that fits all of the essential properties of that event 4. A mental image that is based on the average characteristics of an object is called a(n): heuristic exemplar prototype algorithm 5. Exemplar theory is to______ as prototype theory is to _______. a primary; secondary b biological; psychological c deep characteristics; surface characteristics d essential characteristics; average characteristics 6. Research has found that the processes of forming prototypes & matching things to prototypes: go on at a conscious level go on at an unconscious level are influenced by grades in school are influenced by the proficiency of one’s memory system 7. In problem solving, there are three states. Which of the following is not among the three states? goal state initial state operations state preparation state 8. Rules which will lead to a solution if followed correctly are called: algorithms brainstorming availability heuristics representative heuristics 9. Algorithm is to ________ as heuristic is to _______. general; specific language; thinking rule; mental shortcut short; long 10. The inability to see new uses for old objects is called: interference braindrumming divergent thinking functional fixedness 11. A person who solves problems by finding a similarity between a new situation and an old situation is utilizing: insight an analogy deep structure transformational rules 12. Which is not an approach to measuring creativity? cognitive linguistic case study psychometric 13. When you begin with a problem & devise many solutions, it is called __________, but if you come up with the one correct solution, it is called __________. analogy; brainstorming semantics; insight divergent thinking; convergent thinking phonology; morphology 14. What term is given to those 10% of autistic persons who shows some incredible memory, music, or drawing talent? gifted savant genius creative 15. From most particular to most general in the rules of language, the correct order is: morpheme, phoneme, syntax, semantics syntax, phoneme, semantics, morpheme phoneme, morpheme, syntax, semantics semantics, syntax, morpheme, phoneme 16. In the word “sock”, the sound of the “s” is a(n) _________, whereas the use of the “s” to make the word plural is a(n) _____________. syntax; semantic phoneme; morpheme concept; unit of grammar overgeneralization; transformational rule 17. A “morpheme” is defined as a: pronunciation that is not phonetic smallest meaningful combination of sounds in a language new word that is formed by combining two existing words child’s common mispronunciation of a word that is not phonetic 18. Which of the following words consists of a single morpheme? books computer unspeakable uncomfortable 19. According to Noam Chomsky, language operates at two levels: sentences & telegraphic speech spoken words and censored words surface structure and deep structure obvious meaning and implied meaning 20. The underlying meaning of a sentence is its: phonology deep structure surface structure transformational grammar 21. Which is the correct sequence of stages in children’s acquisition of language? crying, begging, asking, reasoning babbling, one-word, two-word, three-word, four-word, etc. babbling, single word, two-word combinations, sentences senseless noises, listening, imitation, original productions 22. “Parentese (motherese),” which includes speaking in a higher voice and stretching out each word, usually emerges from parents in response to their child’s use of: words babbling overgeneralization rules of grammar 23. Telegraphic speech is characterized by: parentese one-syllable verbalization two-word combinations omission of articles, prepositions, and parts of verbs 24. The debate over how we acquire language concerns __________ versus __________. superficial / deep-seated individual / common to the group innate language abilities / environmental language factors universal abilities / different skills from one cultural group to another 25. When you use past observations in order to draw a broader conclusion, you are using: deductive reasoning inductive reasoning convergent thinking divergent thinking 26. Inductive reasoning consists of reasoning: to find one correct solution to find several correct solutions from the particular to the general from the general to the particular 27. The notion that language determines the way people think and perceive the world is characteristic of: overgeneralization the social learning approach the theory of linguistic relativity Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition 28. Which of the following is the correct order of steps in reading? phoneme producer, word analyzer, syntax detector phoneme producer, word analyzer, automatic detector morpheme producer, phoneme analyzer, word detector morpheme producer, automatic detector, word analyzer 29. Males and females use language differently. Males use language to _________ and females use it to __________. solve problems; share concerns direct others’ behavior; criticize criticize; maintain their independence share concerns; maintain their position in a group 30. There are four criteria for having real language. Which of the following is not one of the criteria? verbally expressed set of abstract symbols use of abstract symbols complex rules for expression generate an endless number of meaningful sentences ---------------------------------- Topics in Psychology Robert C. Gates