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Ψ Note: These questions are part of a larger data base of questions on Chapter
14. The questions are selected to represent the type of question you should expect on unit exam one. You can, in fact, expect to see many of these very same questions on that exam. Exam questions, however, may deal with topics not covered in the self tests or in lectures but are discussed in your textbook. You are responsible for the content of your text book plus the content of lectures, interactive activities, & material on the web site.
Use these sample questions to test yourself & to practice for the test. Click on your choice to see if you are right.
1. According to research evidence, professional clinicians
2. Professional clinical judgment is particularly vulnerable to
 illusory correlations.
self-confirming diagnosis.
overconfidence bred by hindsight.
all of these are vulnerabilities.
3. Following the suicide of someone we care about, feelings of guilt are often magnified by
hindsight bias.
illusory thinking.
confirmation bias.
the fundamental attribution error.
4. Researchers found that interviewers often test for a trait by
asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.
looking for information that will contradict it.
looking for information that will confirm it.
doing all of the above.
5. Research suggests that the prediction of someone’s future academic success is best when the prediction is based on
statistics.
letters of recommendation.
the judgments of trained admissions officers.
statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers.
6. Robyn Dawes suggests that clinicians & interviewers express more confidence in their intuitive assessments than in statistical data because of
cognitive conceit.
the fundamental attribution error.
unreliability in statistical predictions.
the lack of validity in standardized tests.
7. An important implication of the research on illusory thinking is that
conventional wisdom is almost always wrong.
intuition really has no legitimate place in doing science.
research psychologists must test their preconceptions before presenting them as truth.
the scientific method is the only legitimate way to answer significant human questions.
8. Clinical intuition as a diagnostic & predictive tool is often
ignored.
overestimated.
underestimated.
equated to science.
9. Science always involves an interplay between ________ & rigorous test.
intuition.
skepticism.
agnosticism.
the scientific method.
10. Which bias occurs when we selectively notice or focus upon evidence which tends to support the things we already believe or want to be true while ignoring that evidence which would serve to disconfirm those beliefs or ideas? This bias plays a stronger role when it comes to those beliefs which are based upon prejudice, faith, or tradition rather than on empirical evidence.”
11. Clinical judgments can also be considered
illusory.
peripheral.
social judgments
wrong judgments
12. When a "patient" presents with depression, powerlessness, shame, & feelings of unworthiness some therapists argue that "people who have been abused have those symptoms, so you were probably abused.* This
is insightful.
illustrates hindsight bias.
is motivated by illusory correlations.
is motivated by conformation-seeking bias.
13. Which of the following is not a problem for clinicians?
Hindsight bias
Illusory correlations
Self-confirming bias
Underestimating their intuition
14. Self-Confirming Diagnoses are a. k. a.
15. The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as
16. “Explanatory style” refers to
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17. Which type of explanatory style is used when explaining life events in terms of factors that are stable, global, & internal?
18. Compared to depressed people, normal people
exaggerate their control of events around them.
readily accept responsibility for both success & failure.
have realistic perceptions of the good & bad things the future holds.
describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive & negative qualities.
19. Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person’s explanatory style?
“It’s all my fault.”
“It’s going to last forever.”
“The whole world is against me.”
“It’s going to affect everything I do.”
20. Which of the following best illustrates an internal attribution for a failure or setback?
“It’s all my fault.”
“I’ll never succeed.”
“This ruins everything.”
“The whole world is against me.”
21. In those vulnerable to depression, negative experiences first cause
a depressed mood.
further negative experiences.
self-focused & self-blaming thoughts.
blaming others for the negative experience.
22. According to self-presentation theory, we will feel social anxiety when we are
depressed.
in any situation in which we can be observed.
motivated & able to impress others, but they ignore us.
motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so.
23. Labeling oneself as shy, depressed, or under the influence of alcohol can serve what function?
anger-reducing
self-handicapping
group-identification
concurrence-seeking
24. Both assertiveness training & rational-emotive therapy are examples of psychotherapeutic techniques that
encourage changes in explanatory style.
utilize social support to change behavior.
use counter conditioning strategies.
utilize the attitudes-follow-behavior principle.
25. The vicious cycles that maintain depression, loneliness, & shyness can be broken by
positive experiences that alter self-perceptions.
training in more effective social skills.
changing negative thought patterns.
all of the above.
Social Psychology
Robert C. Gates
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 Civilization began the first time an angry person cast a word instead of a rock.
- Sigmund Freud
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