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          Empathy - they identify with what the victim must be going through
          Personal distress - they have feelings of fear, alarm, or disgust from seeing a victim in need.
          Their Norms & values cause them to feel morally bound or socially responsible to help those in need.

          Decision-stage model of helping - Five stages in deciding to help:

         1.  notice the situation
          2.  interpret it as one in which help is needed
           3. assume personal responsibility (most people drop out here)
            4.  choose a form of assistance
             5.  carry out that assistance

         The Arousal-cost-reward model of helping states that we make decisions to help by calculating the costs & rewards of helping.