Note: These questions are part of a larger data base of questions & are selected to represent the type of question you should expect on unit exams. Exam questions, however, may deal with topics not covered in the practice tests or in lectures but are discussed in your textbook. You are responsible for the content of your text book plus the content of lectures, interactive activities, & material on the web site.Use these sample questions to test yourself & to practice for the test. Click on your choice to see if you are right.1. Sheila almost got hit by a car at the street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is the result of
• learning.
|
2. A relatively enduring change in behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli & responses is the definition of
• learning.
|
|
3. At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
• going for a walk
• the sound of the leash
• the front door
• the dog runs to the door
4. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in placing the emphasis on
• waiting until the subject accidentally performs the right behavior.
• pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned response.
• allowing subjects to watch others perform some behavior.
• consequences that follow some behavior.
5. A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called
• stimulus generalization.
• stimulus discrimination.
• spontaneous recovery.
• extinction.
6. Unconditioned is to conditioned as _______ is to ________.
• learned; reflex
• reflex; learned
• food; salivation
• response; stimulus
7. During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. What has occurred?
• stimulus generalization
• stimulus discrimination
• spontaneous recovery
• extinction
8. Robert is trying to remember the procedure used to establish classical conditioning. He would be best to remember
• CS, CR.
• CS, UCS, UCR.
• neutral stimulus, UCS, UCR.
• CR, UCS, neutral stimulus.
9. Ronda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to
• higher-order conditioning.
• a conditioned taste aversion.
• stimulus substitution.
• stimulus generalization.
10. In classical conditioning, generalization is adaptive because
• dangerous UCS no longer trigger the UCR.
• we learn that some behaviors lead to reinforcement.
• the CR is capable of returning following a period of extinction.
• we are able to respond to a stimulus that resembles the original CS.
11. Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trail. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of
• biological preparedness.
• psychological preparedness.
• instinctive drift.
• stimulus substitution.
12. Stimulus Discrimination is to narrow as Stimulus Generalization is to ________.
• broad
• restrict
• learned
• reappearance
13. Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?
• Thorndike's law of effect
• Skinner's theory of operant conditioning
• Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning.
• Kohler's insight learning theory
14. Law of effect is to ______ as operant conditioning is to _______.
• Skinner; Rescorla
• Tolman; Bandura
• Thorndike; Skinner
• Skinner; Thorndike
15. In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ______________, whereas with operant behavior, behavior is ______________.
• rewarded; punished
• biological; internal
• voluntary; involuntary
• involuntary, voluntary
16. Reinforcement is to ___________, as punishment is to ___________.
• decrease; increase
• decrease; decrease
• increase; decrease
• operant conditioning; classical conditioning
17. Where do secondary reinforces get their power from?
• Pavlov's classical conditioning
• Thorndike's law of effect
• Bandura's observational theory
• Kohler's insight theory
18. Reinforcers, whether they be positive or negative, have the same effect on behavior, which is to
• decrease the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
• increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
• increase the probability that the behavior will be extinguished.
• decrease the probability that the behavior will be spontaneously recovered.
19. Positive reinforcement results in a(an) __________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement result in an __________ in the target behavior.
• an increase; a decrease
• an increase; an increase
• a decrease, a decrease
• a decrease; an increase
20. Kurt & Kyle are out walking. Kurt says, “Hey, I’ve got a pebble in my shoe,” and proceeds to take off his shoe and to remove the pebble. “That feels better,” says Kurt. Kyle believes that Kurt's behavior of removing the pebble is a ____________ because it increases the chance that Kurt will repeat the behavior if another pebble gets in his shoe.
• positive punisher
• positive reinforcer
• negative reinforcer
• unconditioned stimulus
21. Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of
• positive reinforcement.
• negative reinforcement.
• punishment.
• generalization.
22. What refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response that decreases the odds that the response will recur?
• Punishment
• Latent punishment
• Positive punishment
• Negative punishment
23. Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2 week period he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2 week period he works a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
• fixed ratio
• variable ratio
• fixed interval
• variable interval
24. When is continuous reinforcement most appropriate?
• only after the conditioning has taken place
• when the behavior is an involuntary reflex
• when the behavior is a voluntary response
• in the initial stages of operant conditioning
25. Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of
• negative reinforcement.
• punishment by application.
• punishment by removal.
• learned helplessness.
26. After a period of extinction, a temporary recovery in rate of responding is called
• extinction.
• generalization.
• discrimination.
• spontaneous performance.
27. What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?
• Both tend to
strengthen a response
• Both tend to weaken a response
• Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a
response
• Negative reinforcement weakens a response while punishment strengthens a
response
28. Which of the following theorists argued that learning can take place when someone is watching another person and performs that behavior even when not reinforced?
• B. F. Skinner
• Albert Bandura
• Edward Tolman
• Wolfgang Koehler
29. Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?
• The animals studied could not learn any skills even with the use of reinforcement.
• The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually
revert back to their genetically controlled pattern of behavior.
• The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement and they remained
that way no matter how much reinforcement they were given.
• The animals studied could only learn skills similar to those found in the wild.
30. An
important conclusion from the Bandura Bobo doll
|
|
31. Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworker asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "It just came to be out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as
• latent learning
• learned helplessness
•
insight learning
• observational learning
32. I know and understand this material,” says Rick. His instructor would agree with him. But when it comes time to prove his understanding on the exam, he typically doesn’t do well. This exemplifies the idea of
• shaping.
• insight learning.
• a lack of preparedness.
• the learning-performance distinction.
33. Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?
• latent learning
• learned helplessness
• insight learning
• observational learning
34. The four processes necessary for observational learning are attention, memory, imitation, and ___________.
• motivation / desire
• generalization
• reinforcement
• discrimination
35. What does AMID stand for?
• Attention, Memory, Intention, Detention
• Attention, Memory, Intention, Desire
• Ask, Memory, Imitate, Develop
• Attention, Memory, Intention, Desires
36. “Ah ha!” is to ______ as reinforcement is to _______.
• preparedness; cognitive theory
• imprinting; classical conditioning
• insight learning; operant conditioning
• spontaneous recovery; insight learning
37. Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?
• Darla's unconscious does not believe she can
achieve the goal.
• Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program.
• Darla's self-esteem must first be addressed.
• Darla's unwillingnes may be a sign of mental disorder.
38. A newsletter article has the headline, “Scientists find innate tendency that helps learning.” You realize that the “innate tendency” refers to
• behavioral factors.
• biological factors.
• cognitive factors.
• environmental stimuli.
39. Spanking is an example of
• negative reinforcement.
• negative punishment.
• positive punishment.
• time-out.
40. With operant conditioning ___________ are important in forming an association, whereas with classical conditioning __________ are important in forming an association.
• consequences; antecedent stimuli
• reflexes; rewards
• conditional stimuli; reflexive stimuli
• positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
• Print Friendly Version
|
General Psychology Robert C. Gates 
|
|